Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are transforming the space industry and are very important for the success of future space missions. They are adaptable and reprogrammable, making them the perfect choice for the unique challenges of outer space.

FPGAs enable:

• Robust control systems in satellites, orbital systems and deep-space probes
• Efficient implementation of communications protocols
• Real-time data processing

Why use FPGAs for space applications?

The outer space missions require powerful and adaptable hardware. FPGAs stand out because of their ability to be optimized and reprogrammed for a variety of tasks.

Space missions are unpredictable, conditions can rapidly change, and hardware must be able to be reconfigured to meet the evolving requirements. FPGAs allow engineers to update and reprogram them post-launch. This adaptability extends the functional lifespan of the equipment, lowering costs and maximizing mission potential.

Another advantage of FPGAs is their parallel processing architecture, allowing them to handle vast amounts of data from sensors, cameras and other scientific instruments.

Every space mission has its own set of objectives and challenges. FPGAs can be tailored to meet these requirements from communication protocols to control systems.

Types of FPGAs used in space

There are three types of FPGAs used in space: SRAM-based, Flash-based and Antifuse-based.

SRAM-based FPGAs – suitable for complex data processing tasks and having exceptional computational power. They are widely used in space applications where reprogrammability is critical.

Flash-based FPGAs – more reliable in radiation-heavy environments, they retain configuration even when powered off, offering a practical advantage for power-constrained missions. They can also be reprogrammed, if needed.

Antifuse-based FPGAs – having a one-time programmable architecture limits their use to applications where functionality is fixed before launch (control systems and fail-safe mechanisms). However, antifuse-based FPGAs are the most radiation-tolerant of the three types.

The role of FPGAs in space applications

FPGAs play a vital role in modern space missions, enabling a variety of critical systems. They are adaptable and able to manage complex operations.

On-board Data Processing

Spacecraft and satellites produce massive volumes of data from sensors, cameras, and scientific instruments. FPGAs make it possible to analyze this data in real time, minimizing the need to send raw information back to Earth. This capability is essential for Earth observation where on-board processing and compression of high-resolution images are necessary, as well as deep-space exploration where communication constraints make Earth-based processing unfeasible.

Communication Systems

FPGAs enable flexible and efficient communication between spacecraft and ground stations. They support dynamic modulation schemes and advanced signal processing protocols, making it possible to adapt and optimize data transmission as mission conditions evolve.

For interplanetary missions, FPGAs ensure reliable transfer of telemetry, scientific data and commands, despite delays and limited bandwidth. Their high-speed processing capabilities are essential for maintaining secure and efficient communication links across the immense distances of space.

Spacecraft Control Systems

FPGAs are an important part of various units on-board of a satellite, for example, controlling the operation of navigation, AOCS and power conditioning and distribution units. To ensure mission success and spacecraft functionality, these systems require precise, real-time decision making provided by FPGAs.

Longevity and flexibility

One of the stand-out advantages of FPGAs is their reprogrammable nature. Engineers can update or reconfigure systems after launch, giving the spacecraft the ability to adapt to unexpected challenges or extended mission capabilities. For long-duration missions, this flexibility can be the deciding factor between success and failure.

Advancements and future trends

Advancements in FPGA technology are pushing the boundaries of what is possible, delivering improved radiation tolerance and greater computational power to meet the needs of increasingly complex missions.

Radiation-Hardened Designs

A key focus in FPGA innovation is developing radiation-hardened technology capable of withstanding the harsh conditions of space. Manufacturers are crafting space-ready FPGAs with radiation-tolerant architectures and advanced shielding methods to ensure reliability in harsh environments.

Some of those FPGAs feature built-in triple modular redundancy (TMR) and self-correcting capabilities at hardware level, reducing reliance on external mitigation techniques. These enhancements allow engineers to create more robust and efficient systems without sacrificing performance or flexibility.

AI and Machine Learning integration

An emerging trend with transformative potential is the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms into space FPGAs. By embedding these capabilities, FPGAs can enable real-time anomaly detection, adaptive navigation or dynamic mission planning. These advancements are important for long-duration missions to deep-space, where human intervention is not possible.
Also, AI-enabled FPGAs can make advanced data analysis onboard, reducing the need to transmit large amounts of data back to Earth, while conserving bandwidth and accelerating the time-to-insight for critical mission data.

Standardization and Miniaturization

The growing trend toward smaller satellites and satellite constellations is driving a transformation in FPGA technology. These powerful chips are becoming increasingly compact and modular, perfectly aligning with the needs of modern space applications. At the same time, efforts to standardize FPGA designs are picking up speed, opening the door to more seamless integration and collaboration across the industry.

Standardized, interoperable components are simplifying the development processes, cutting costs, and speeding up deployment timelines, making it easier than ever to launch innovative technologies. This shift is not just making space missions more efficient, it is unlocking new possibilities for a wider range of missions and players in the space exploration ecosystem.

AROBS Polska

AROBS Polska is a Polish company, specialized in developing technologies and products for optical and quantum communication, data storage and processing, control of satellite mechanisms and instruments. Working closely with the European Space Agency and other companies from the commercial sector, the company has been involved in various projects in the European space industry, over the last few years.